• Lowland forests were converted in

• Lowland forests were converted into agroforestry rubber systems, where rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) were planted within the natural forest landscape (Gouyon et al. 1993). However, this form of agriculture quickly morphed into complete conversion of entire forests into monoculture plantations, such as rubber and more recently oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) (Fitzherbert et al. 2008). From the period 2000–2013, the area of oil palm and rubber has increased by approximately five million ha and one million ha, respectively, across Indonesia (FAOSTAT 2014).

Results (English) 1:

• Lowland forests were converted into agroforestry rubber systems, where rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) were planted within the natural forest landscape (Gouyon et al. 1993). However, this form of agriculture quickly morphed into a complete conversion of entire forests into monoculture plantations, such as rubber and more recently oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) (Fitzherbert et al. 2008). From the period 2000 – 2013, the area of oil palm and rubber has increased by approximately five million ha and one million ha, respectively, across Indonesia (FAOSTAT 2001).