Dampak perubahan iklim terhadap per

Dampak perubahan iklim terhadap pertanian
Diperkirakan produktivitas pertanian di daerah tropis akan mengalami penurunan bila terjadi kenaikan suhu rata-rata global antara 1-2o C sehingga meningkatkan risiko bencana kelaparan. Meningkatnya frekuensi kekeringan dan banjir diperkirakan akan memberikan dampak negatif pada produksi lokal, terutama pada sektor penyediaan pangan di daerah subtropis dan tropis. Terjadinya perubahan musim di mana musim kemarau menjadi lebih panjang sehingga menyebabkan gagal panen, krisis air bersih dan kebakaran hutan. Terjadinya pergeseran musim dan perubahan pola hujan, akibatnya Indonesia harus mengimpor beras. Pada tahun 1991, Indonesia mengimpor sebesar 600 ribu ton beras dan tahun 1994 jumlah beras yang diimpor lebih dari satu juta ton (KLH, 1998). Adaptasi bisa dilakukan dengan menciptakan bibit unggul atau mengubah waktu tanam. Peningkatan suhu regional juga akan memberikan dampak negatif kepada penyebaran dan reproduksi ikan.

Dampak perubahan iklim terhadap kenaikan muka air laut
Naiknya permukaan laut akan menggenangi wilayah pesisir sehingga akan menghancurkan tambak-tambak ikan dan udang di Jawa, Aceh, Kalimantan dan Sulawesi (UNDP, 2007). akibat pemanasan global pada tahun 2050 akan mendegradasi 98 persen terumbu karang dan 50% biota laut. Gejala ini sebetulnya sudah terjadi di kawasan Delta Mahakam Kalimantan Timur, apabila suhu air laut naik 1,50C setiap tahunnya sampai 2050 akan memusnahkan 98% terumbu karang. di Indonesia kita tak akan lagi menikmati lobster, cumi-cumi dan rajungan. Di Maluku, nelayan amat sulit memperkirakan waktu dan lokasi yang sesuai untuk menangkap ikan karena pola iklim yang berubah.
Kenaikan temperatur menyebabkan es dan gletser di Kutub Utara dan Selatan mencair. Peristiwa ini menyebabkan terjadinya pemuaian massa air laut dan kenaikan permukaan air laut. Hal ini membawa banyak perubahan bagi kehidupan di bawah laut, seperti pemutihan terumbu karang dan punahnya berbagai jenis ikan. Sehingga akan menurunkan produksi tambak ikan dan udang serta mengancam kehidupan masyarakat pesisir pantai. Kenaikan muka air laut juga akan merusak ekosistem hutan bakau, serta merubah sifat biofisik dan biokimia di zona pesisir.

Dampak perubahan iklim terhadap sumber daya air.
Pada pertengahan abad ini, rata-rata aliran air sungai dan ketersediaan air di daerah subpolar serta daerah tropis basah diperkirakan akan meningkat sebanyak 10-40%. Sementara di daerah subtropis dan daerah tropis yang kering, air akan berkurang sebanyak 10-30% sehingga daerah-daerah yang sekarang sering mengalami kekeringan akan semakin parah kondisinya.

Dampak perubahan iklim terhadap Ekosistem
Kemungkinan punahnya 20-30% spesies tanaman dan hewan bila terjadi kenaikan suhu rata-rata global sebesar 1,5-2,5oC. Meningkatnya tingkat keasaman laut karena bertambahnya Karbondioksida di atmosfer diperkirakan akan membawa dampak negatif pada organisme-organisme laut seperti terumbu karang serta spesies-spesies yang hidupnya bergantung pada organisme tersebut. Dampak lainnya yaitu hilangnya berbagai jenis flaura dan fauna khususnya di Indonesia yang memiliki aneka ragam jenis seperti pemutihan karang seluas 30% atau sebanyak 90-95% karang mati di Kepulauan Seribu akibat naiknya suhu air laut.

Dampak perubahan iklim pada Sektor Ekonomi
Semua dampak yang terjadi pada setiap sektor tersebut diatas pastilah secara langsung akan memberikan dampak terhadap perekonomian Indonesia akibat kerugian ekonomi yang harus ditanggung.

Dampak perubahan iklim pada pemukim perkotaan
Kenaikan muka air laut antara 8 hingga 30 centimeter juga akan berdampak parah pada kota-kota pesisir seperti Jakarta dan Surabaya yang akan makin rentan terhadap banjir dan limpasan badai. Masalah ini sudah menjadi makin parah di Jakarta karena bersamaan dengan kenaikan muka air laut, permukaan tanah turun: pendirian bangunan bertingkat dan meningkatnya pengurasan air tanah telah menyebabkan tanah turun.Namun Jakarta memang sudah secara rutin dilanda banjir besar pada awal Februari,2007,banjir di Jakarta menewaskan 57 orang dan memaksa 422.300 meninggalkan rumah, yang 1.500 buah di antaranya rusak atau hanyut.Total kerugian ditaksir sekitar 695 juta dolar.
Suatu penelitian memperkirakan bahwa paduan kenaikan muka air laut setinggi 0,5 meter dan turunnya tanah yang terus berlanjut dapat menyebabkan enam lokasi terendam secara permanen dengan total populasi sekitar 270,000 jiwa, yakni: tiga di Jakarta – Kosambi, Penjaringan dan Cilincing; dan tiga di Bekasi – Muaragembong, Babelan dan Tarumajaya.Banyak wilayah lain di negeri ini juga akhir-akhir ini baru dilanda bencana banjir. Banjir besar di Aceh, misalnya, di penghujung tahun 2006 menewaskan 96 orang dan membuat mengungsi 110,000 orang yang kehilangan sumber penghidupan dan harta benda mereka. Pada tahun 2007 di Sinjai, Sulawesi Selatan banjir yang berlangsung berhari-hari telah merusak jalan dan memutus jembatan, serta mengucilkan 200.000 penduduk. Selanjutnya masih p

Results (English) 1:

The impact of climate change on agricultureIt is estimated tropical agricultural productivity will decline if there is a rise in global average temperature between 1-2o C so as to increase the risk of famine. The increasing frequency of droughts and floods are expected to give a negative impact on local production, especially in the sectors of food provision in the area of tropical and subtropical. Of occurrence change of seasons where the dry season be longer causing the failed harvest, clean water crisis and forest fires. The occurrence of shifting seasons and rain, the pattern changes as a result Indonesia has to import rice. In 1991, Indonesia imports amounting to 600 thousand tons of rice and in 1994 the amount of rice imported over one million tons (MOE, 1998). Adaptations can be done by creating the seeds or change the time of planting. Regional increase in temperature will also give a negative impact to the dissemination and reproduction of fish. The impact of climate change on the increase in the face of sea waterThe rise in sea level would inundate coastal areas so that it will destroy the pond-pond fish and shrimp in Java, Aceh, Kalimantan and Sulawesi (UNDP, 2007). due to global warming in 2050 will degrade 98 percent of coral reefs and marine life by 50%. This symptom is actually already happening in the Mahakam Delta area in East Kalimantan, when water temperatures rise 1, 50 c each year until 2050 to destroy 98% of coral reefs. in Indonesia we no longer enjoy lobster, squid and small crab attaching. In the Moluccas, the fisherman was very difficult to estimate the time and in the appropriate location to catch fish because of a changing climate patterns.Rising temperatures cause the ice and glaciers in the North and South poles is melting. These events led to the occurrence of mass expansion of sea water and sea-level rise. This brought many changes to the life beneath the sea, such as the bleaching of coral reefs and punahnya various types of fish. So will lower production of farmed fish and shrimp as well as threatening the life of the community. Rising sea will also damage the ecosystem of mangroves, as well as biophysical and biochemical properties change in the coastal zone. The impact of climate change on water resources.By the middle of this century, the average water flow of the river and the availability of water in the area of subpolar wet tropical regions and is expected to rise as much as 10-40%. While subtropical and tropical areas are dry, the water will be reduced by as much as 10 to 30% so that the areas which now suffer drought will be more severe conditions. The impact of climate change on EcosystemsThe possibility of punahnya 20-30% of plant and animal species if there is a rise in global average temperature of 1.5 to 2, 5oC. The increasing acidity of the sea because of the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is expected to bring a negative impact on marine organisms such as coral reefs and species whose life depends on the organism. Another impact of the loss of the various types of flaura and fauna especially in Indonesia which have diverse types such as coral bleaching of roughly 30% or as much as 90-95% of coral death in thousand islands due to the rise in the temperature of the sea water. Climate change impacts on economic sectorsAll the impact that occurs in every sector above surely will directly give impact on the economy of Indonesia due to economic losses to be borne. The impact of climate change on urban settlersThe increase in sea between 8 to 30 centimeters will also impact severely on coastal cities such as Jakarta and Surabaya, which would be the more vulnerable to flooding and storm runoff. This issue has become the more severe in Jakarta because along with the rise in sea level, down: establishment of a multilevel buildings and the increasing drain of groundwater has caused land down. But Jakarta has been regularly hit by massive floods in early February, 2007, floods in Jakarta killed 57 people and forced 422,300 to leave the House, the fruit of which 1,500 damaged or drifting. Total estimated losses of about 695 million dollars.One study estimated that a combination of rising sea 0.5 metres tall and the fall in continuing land can lead to a permanently submerged six locations with a total population of around 270.000 inhabitants, namely: three in Kosambi, Jakarta – Networking and Cilincing; and three in Bekasi – Muaragembong, Tarumajaya and many Babelan elsewhere in the country also lately recently hit by flood. The great flood in Aceh, for example, at the end of 2006, killing 96 people and create 110.000 displaced people who lost their source of livelihood and their possessions. In 2007 in Sinjai, South Sulawesi floods that lasted for days have destroyed roads and bridges, as well as severing isolate 200,000 inhabitants. Next still p

Results (English) 2:

The impact of climate change on agriculture
is estimated that agricultural productivity in the tropics will decrease when there is an increase in global average temperature between 1-2o C thus increase the risk of famine. The increasing frequency of droughts and floods are expected to have a negative impact on local production, particularly in the sectors of food supply in subtropical and tropical regions. The change of seasons in which the dry season becomes longer, causing crop failures, water shortages and forest fires. A shift in seasons and changes in rainfall patterns, consequently Indonesia to import rice. In 1991, Indonesia imported 600 thousand tons of rice and 1994 the amount of rice imported more than one million tonnes (MoE, 1998). Adaptation can be done by creating quality seeds or change the time of planting. Increasing the temperature region also will give a negative impact to the dissemination and reproduction of fish.

The impact of climate change on sea level rise
Sea level rise will inundate coastal areas that will destroy those ponds of fish and shrimp in Java, Aceh, Kalimantan and Sulawesi (UNDP, 2007 ). due to global warming by 2050 will degrade 98 per cent of coral reefs and 50% of marine life. This phenomenon has actually occurred in the Mahakam Delta in East Kalimantan, where the sea water temperature rises 1,50C every year until 2050 to destroy 98% of coral reefs. in Indonesia we will no longer enjoy lobster, squid and crab. In Maluku, fishing is very difficult to estimate the time and location that is suitable for the fish because the pattern of climate change.
Rising temperatures cause ice and glaciers in the North and South Pole melt. These events caused the mass expansion of sea water and sea level rise. This brings many changes for life under the sea, such as coral bleaching and the extinction of various species of fish. Thereby decreasing the production of fish and shrimp ponds as well as threatening the lives of coastal communities. Rising sea levels will also damage the mangrove ecosystems, as well as changing biophysical and biochemical in the coastal zone.

The impact of climate change on water resources.
In the middle of this century, the average flow of river water and the availability of water in the subpolar and the humid tropics expected to increase by 10-40%. While in the subtropical and tropical regions are dry, water would be reduced by 10-30% so that the areas that are now droughts will be more severe condition.

The impact of climate change on ecosystems
Possible extinction of 20-30% of plant and animal species if there is an increase The average global temperature for 1,5-2,5oC. The rising level of ocean acidification due to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is expected to have a negative impact on marine organisms such as coral reefs and the species that depend on these organisms. Another effect is the loss of various types of flaura and fauna, especially in Indonesia, which has a variety of types such as coral bleaching of 30% or as much as 90-95% dead coral in the Thousand Islands as a result of rising sea temperatures.

The impact of climate change on Economic Sectors
All impacts that occur in every sector of the abovementioned surely will directly impact on the Indonesian economy as a result of the economic loss to be borne.

the impact of climate change on settlers urban
Rising sea levels between 8 to 30 centimeters will also be a severe impact on coastal cities like Jakarta and Surabaya will be increasingly vulnerable to flooding and storm runoff. This problem has become more severe in Jakarta because it coincides with a rise in sea level, the ground level down: the establishment of multi-storey buildings and the increasing depletion of groundwater has caused land turun.Namun Jakarta had been regularly hit by devastating floods in early February 2007, flooding in Jakarta killed 57 people and forced 422 300 to leave the house, of which 1,500 pieces were faulty or hanyut.Total losses estimated at around 695 million dollars.
one study estimated that the combination of a sea level rise of 0.5 meters and a continuing decline in soil can cause six permanently submerged locations with a total population of about 270,000 inhabitants, namely: three in Jakarta - Kosambi, Penjaringan and Cilincing; and three in Bekasi - Muaragembong, Tarumajaya.Banyak Babelan and other regions of the country also recently hit by floods recently. Heavy floods in Aceh, for example, at the end of 2006 killed 96 people and left 110,000 displaced people who lost their livelihoods and their possessions. In 2007 in Sinjai, South Sulawesi floods that last for days have destroyed roads and bridges and isolated population of 200,000. Further still p